The other Federal departments were in similar difficulties, and at last women and "carpetbaggers" were appointed.

The Freedmen's Bureau, which had been established coincidently with the provisional governments, assumed jurisdiction over the Negroes, while the army authorities very early took the position that any man who claimed to be a Unionist should not be tried in the local courts but must be given a better chance in a provost court.

Thus a third or more of the population was withdrawn from the control of the state government.

In several states the head of the Bureau made arrangements for local magistrates and officials to act as Bureau officials, and in such cases the two authorities acted in cooperation.

The army of occupation, too, exerted an authority which not infrequently interfered with the workings of the new state government.