In Arkansas a split started in 1869 which by 1872 resulted in two state governments.
Alabama in 1872 and Louisiana in 1874-75 each had two rival governments.
This factionalism contributed largely to the overthrow of the radicals.
The radical structure, however, was still powerfully supported from without.

Relations between the Federal Government and the state governments in the South were close, and the policy at Washington was frequently determined by conditions in the South.

President Grant, though at first considerate, was usually consistently radical in his Southern policy.

This attitude is difficult to explain except by saying that Grant fell under the control of radical advisers after his break with Johnson, that his military instincts were offended by opposition in the South which his advisers told him was rebellious, and that he was impressed by the need of holding the Southern radical vote against the inroads of the Democrats.

After about 1869, Grant never really understood the conditions in the South.