Millions of English money had been expended in the struggle.

English blood had flowed at the Boyne and at Athlone, at Aghrim and at Limerick.

The graves of thousands of English soldiers had been dug in the pestilential morass of Dundalk.

It was owing to the exertions and sacrifices of the English people that, from the basaltic pillars of Ulster to the lakes of Kerry, the Saxon settlers were trampling on the children of the soil.

The colony in Ireland was therefore emphatically a dependency; a dependency, not merely by the common law of the realm, but by the nature of things.