.

LOCAL SOCIETY SINCE 1830.
I.Introduction of Universal suffrage.
Local society since 1830 .-- Introduction of a new internal motor .-- Subordinate to the external motor .-- Advantageous under the system of universal suffrage.
Neither lips nor heart are capable of pronouncing the above invigorating and conclusive phrase after a silence of 30 years.

That local society ought to be a private association, does not interest those who are concerned, while the legislator does not permit it.

Indeed, after the year VIII (1799), the State (Napoleon) introduces into the machine the new motivation described above.

After the revolution of 1830,[4201] the municipal and general councilors become elective and are appointed by a limited suffrage; after the revolution of 1848, they are elected by universal suffrage.[4202] After the revolution of 1870,[4203] each municipal council elects its own mayor, while the council-general, whose powers are enlarged, leaves in its place, during its vacations, a standing committee who arrange with, and govern along with, the prefect.
Here, in local society, is a superadded internal motor, working from below, whilst the first one is external and works from above; from now on, both are to work together and in accord .-- But, in reality, the second (the council-general) remains subordinate; moreover, it does not suit the machine[4204] and the machine does not suit it; it is only a superfluity, an inconvenient and cumbersome intruder, nearly always useless, and often mischievous.