All subjects endowed with the showy title of citizen, and all citizens reduced to the humble condition of taxpayers and of people under control.

An administration of a hundred thousand officials taking all services into its hands, comprising public instruction, public succor, and public supplies of food, together with systems of worship.

This was at first pagan cults, and after Constantine, the Christian cult.

All these services were classified, ranked, co-coordinated, carefully defined in such a way as not to encroach on each other, and carefully combined in such a way as to complete each other.

An immense hierarchy of transferable functionaries was kept at work from above on one hundred and eighty square leagues of territory; thirty populations of different race and language-Syrians, Egyptians, Numidians, Spaniards, Gauls, Britons, Germans, Greeks, Italians--subject to the same uniform Regime.