In both cases, however, the two powers, like the two societies, must remain distinct.

It is necessary for each of them that the other should be an equal, and not a subordinate to which it prescribes conditions.

Whatever the civil system may be, whether monarchical or republican, oligarchic or democratic, the Church abuses its credit when it condemns or attacks it.

Whatever may be the ecclesiastical system, whether papal, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, or congregational, the State abuses its strength when, without the assent of the faithful, it abolishes their systems or imposes a new one upon them.

Not only does it violate right, but its violence, most frequently, is fruitless.