many popes and emperors followed, till the papacy was occupied by Alexander III.

and the empire by Frederick, surnamed Barbarossa.

The popes during this period had met with many difficulties from the people of Rome and the emperors; and in the time of Barbarossa they were much increased.
Frederick possessed military talent, but was so full of pride that he would not submit to the pontiff.

However, at his election to the empire he came to Rome to be crowned, and returned peaceably to Germany, where he did not long remain in the same mind, but came again into Italy to subdue certain places in Lombardy, which did not obey him.

It happened at this time that the cardinal St.Clement, of a Roman family, separated from Alexander, and was made pope by some of the cardinals.