The valley of the Adonis (Ibrahim) is still noted for them,[278] but, except on Carmel, they are not very abundant.

Foxes and hares are also somewhat rare, and it is doubtful whether rabbits are to be found in any part of the country;[279] ichneumons, which are tolerably common, seem sometimes to be mistaken for them.

Gazelles are thought to inhabit Carmel,[280] and squirrels, rats, and moles are common.

Bats also, if they may be counted among land-animals, are frequent; they belong, it is probable, to several species, one of which is _Xantharpyia aegyptiaca_.[281] If the fauna of Phoenicia is restricted so far as land-animals are concerned, it is extensive and varied in respect of birds.

The list of known birds includes two sorts of eagle (_Circaetos gallicus_ and _Aquila naevioides_), the osprey, the vulture, the falcon, the kite, the honey-buzzard, the marsh-harrier, the sparrow-hawk, owls of two kinds (_Ketupa ceylonensis_ and _Athene meridionalis_), the grey shrike (_Lanius excubitor_), the common cormorant, the pigmy cormorant (_Graeculus pygmaeus_), numerous seagulls, as the Adriatic gull (_Larus melanocephalus_), Andonieri's gull, the herring-gull, the Red-Sea-gull (_Larus ichthyo-aetos_), and others; the gull-billed tern (_Sterna anglica_), the Egyptian goose, the wild duck, the woodcock, the Greek partridge (_Caccabis saxatilis_), the waterhen, the corncrake or landrail, the coot, the water-ouzel, the francolin; plovers of three kinds, green, golden, and Kentish; dotterels of two kinds, red-throated and Asiatic; the Manx shearwater, the flamingo, the heron, the common kingfisher, and the black and white kingfisher of Egypt, the jay, the wood-pigeon, the rock-dove, the blue thrush, the Egyptian fantail (_Drymoeca gracilis_), the redshank, the wheat-ear (_Saxicola libanotica_), the common lark, the Persian horned lark, the cisticole, the yellow-billed Alpine chough, the nightingale of the East (_Ixos xanthopygius_), the robin, the brown linnet, the chaffinch; swallows of two kinds (_Hirundo cahirica_ and _Hirundo rufula_); the meadow bunting; the Lebanon redstart, the common and yellow water-wagtails, the chiffchaff, the coletit, the Russian tit, the siskin, the nuthatch, and the willow wren.