In 1114 he began to act on the offensive, and succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat on the Kitans.

By 1115 he had so far advanced towards the foundation of an independent kingdom that he actually assumed the title of Emperor.

Thus was presented the rare spectacle of three contemporary rulers, each of whom claimed a title which, according to the Chinese theory, could only belong to one.

The style he chose for his dynasty was Chin (also read _Kin_), which means "gold," and which some say was intended to mark a superiority over Liao (= iron), that of the Kitans, on the ground that gold is not, like iron, a prey to rust.

Others, however, trace the origin of the term to the fact that gold was found in the Nue-chen territory.
A small point which has given rise to some confusion, may fitly be mentioned here.