It seemed that their brave struggles had brought no result.

The honoured ally (Massachusetts) of the Protector (Cromwell) of England lay under the feet of Charles the Second.

It was on the Charter granted to Roswell and his associates, Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, that the structure of the cherished institutions of Massachusetts, religious and civil, had been reared.

The abrogation of that Charter swept the whole away.

Massachusetts, in English law, was again what it had been before James the First made a grant of it to the Council of New England.