The election of bishops by the chapters of their cathedral churches had long become formal, and their appointment had since the time of the Edwards been practically made by the Papacy on the nomination of the Crown.

The privilege of free election was now with bitter irony restored to the chapters, but they were compelled on pain of praemunire to choose whatever candidate was recommended by the king.

This strange expedient has lasted till the present time, though its character has wholly changed with the developement of constitutional rule.

The nomination of bishops has ever since the accession of the Georges passed from the King in person to the Minister who represents the will of the people.

Practically therefore an English prelate, alone among all the prelates of the world, is now raised to his episcopal throne by the same popular election which raised Ambrose to his episcopal chair at Milan.