The point to be borne in mind, and which I have attempted to emphasize in this place, is the close relationship existing in the _popular_ forms of the Babylonian religion between the gods and the spirits.

The latter belong to the pantheon as much as the former.

Primitive animism continues to enchain the minds of the people, despite the differentiation established between the higher and the secondary powers, and despite the high point of development reached by the schoolmen in their attempts to systematize and, in a measure, to purify the ancient beliefs.
FOOTNOTES: [213] The technical name for this class of monuments was _Kudurru_, _i.e._, mark, and then used like the German word _Mark_ both for boundary and for the territory included within the bounds.

A notable contribution to the interpretation of the Kudurru monuments was made by Belser, in the _Beitraege zur Assyriologie_, ii.

111-203.
[214] The question has been raised (see Belser, _ib._ p.