Instead of gods of boundaries, we have numerous demons and spirits in the case of the developed Babylonian religion, into whose hands the care of preserving the rights of owners to their lands is entrusted.

Symbols of these spirits--serpents, unicorns, scorpions, and the like--are added on the monuments which were placed at the boundaries, and on which the terms were specified that justified the land tenure.

To this class of monuments the name of 'Kudurru,' or 'boundary' stones, was given by the Babylonians themselves.

The inscription on which the name of Pap-u occurs belongs to this class; and he is invoked, as already said, along with many other gods--in fact, with the whole or a goodly portion of the pantheon.

It would seem, therefore, that we have in Pap-u a special boundary god who has survived in that role from a more primitive period of Babylonian culture.