Similarly Sir H.Risley considered that some Kurmis of Bihar were of the Aryan type, while others of Chota Nagpur are derived from the indigenous tribes.

The Chasas are the cultivating caste of Orissa and are a similar occupational group.

The word Chasa has the generic meaning of a cultivator, and the caste are said by Sir H.Risley to be for the most part of non-Aryan origin, the loose organisation of the caste system among the Uriyas making it possible on the one hand for outsiders to be admitted into the caste, and on the other for wealthy Chasas, who gave up ploughing with their own hands and assumed the respectable title of Mahanti, to raise themselves to membership among the lower classes of Kayasths.

The Koltas are another Uriya caste, probably an offshoot of the Chasas, whose name may be derived from the _kulthi_ [47] pulse, a favourite crop in that locality.
Similarly the Vellalas are the great cultivating caste of the Tamil country, to whom by general consent the first place in social esteem among the Tamil Sudra castes is awarded.

In the _Madras Census Report_ of 1901 Mr.Francis gives an interesting description of the structure of the caste and its numerous territorial, occupational and other subdivisions.