They thus also came to base the belief in clan-kinship on the tie of consanguinity recognised in the family, which had by now come into existence.

This late and secondary form of totemism is that which obtains in India, where the migratory and hunting stage has long been passed.

The Indian evidence is, however, of great value because we find here in the same community, occasionally in the same caste, exogamous clans which trace their descent sometimes from animals and plants, or totems, and sometimes from gods, heroes, or titular ancestors, while many of the clans are named after villages or have names to which no meaning can be attached.

As has been seen, there is good reason to suppose that all these forms of the exogamous clan are developed from the earliest form of the totem-clan; and since this later type of clan has developed from the totem-clan in India, it is a legitimate deduction that wherever elsewhere exogamous clans are found tracing their descent from a common ancestor or with unintelligible names, probably derived from places, they were probably also evolved from the totem-clan.

This type of clan is shown in Professor Hearn's _Aryan Household_ to have been the common unit of society over much of Europe, where no traces of the existence of totemism are established.