With the animals the acquisitions do not extend very far, on account of their limitation in intelligent endowment; but in the training of the domestic animals and in the education of show-animals the trainer aids them and urges them on by making use of the associations of pleasure and pain spoken of above.

He supplements the animal's feelings of pain and pleasure with the whip and with rewards of food, etc., so that each step of the animal's success or failure has acute associations with pain or pleasure.

Thus the animal gradually gets a number of associations formed, avoids the actions with which pain is associated, repeats those which call up memories of pleasure all the way through an extended performance in regular steps; and in the result the performance so closely counterfeits the operations of high intelligence--such as counting, drawing cards, etc .-- that the audience is excited to admiration.
This first glimpse of the animal's limitations when compared with man may suggest the general question, how far the brutes go in their intelligent endowment.

The proper treatment of this much-debated point requires certain further explanations.
In the child we find a tendency to act in certain ways toward all objects, events, etc., which are in any respect alike.

After learning to use the hands, for example, for a certain act, the same hand movements are afterward used for other similar acts which the child finds it well to perform.