This transitional Europe, and not mediaeval Europe, was the Europe which lasted on until the eighteenth century, and which practically came to an end with the French Revolution.
FOOTNOTES: [15] One silver groschen = 1-1/5d.
[16] The authorities for the above data may be found in Janssen, i., vol.i., bk.iii., especially pp.

330-46.
[17] _Zur Geschichte der deutschen Gesellenverbaende._ Leipzig, 1876.
[18] C.1/5d.

The denarius was the South German equivalent of the North German pfennig, of which twelve went to the groschen..