Catherine could hope for no justice in England, Henry could expect no justice at Rome.

Political expediency would dictate a verdict in Henry's favour in England; political expediency would dictate a verdict for Catherine at Rome.

Henry's ambassadors were instructed to appeal from Clement to the "true Vicar of Christ," but where was the true Vicar of Christ to be found on (p.

227) earth ?[651] There was no higher tribunal.

It was intolerable that English suits should be decided by the chances and changes of French or Habsburg influence in Italy, by the hopes and the fears of an Italian prince for the safety of his temporal power.