PART III.
SPOLIATION AND LAW.[16] [Footnote 16: On the 27th of April, 1850, after a very curious discussion, which was reproduced in the _Moniteur_, the General Council of Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce issued the following order: "Political economy shall be taught by the government professors, not merely from the theoretical point of view of free trade, but also with special regard to the facts and legislation which control French industry." It was in reply to this decree that Bastiat wrote the pamphlet _Spoliation and Law_, which first appeared in the _Journal des Economistes_, May 15, 1850.] _To the Protectionists of the General Council of Manufactures:_ GENTLEMEN--Let us for a few moments interchange moderate and friendly opinions.
You are not willing that political economy should believe and teach free trade.
This is as though you were to say, "We are not willing that political economy should occupy itself with society, exchange, value, law, justice, property.

We recognize only two principles--oppression and spoliation." Can you possibly conceive of political economy without society?
Or of society without exchange?
Or of exchange without a relative value between the two articles, or the two services, exchanged?
Can you possibly conceive the idea of _value_, except as the result of the _free_ consent of the exchangers?
Can you conceive of one product being _worth_ another, if, in the barter, one of the parties is not _free_?
Is it possible for you to conceive of the free consent of two parties without liberty?
Can you possibly conceive that one of the contracting parties is deprived of his liberty unless he is oppressed by the other?
Can you possibly conceive of an exchange between an oppressor and one oppressed, unless the equivalence of the services is altered, or unless, as a consequence, law, justice, and the rights of property have been violated?
What do you really want?
Answer frankly.
You are not willing that trade should be free! You desire, then, that it shall not be free?
You desire, then, that trade shall be carried on under the influence of oppression?
For if it is not carried on under the influence of oppression, it will be carried on under the influence of liberty, and that is what you do not desire.
Admit, then, that it is law and justice which embarrass you; that that which troubles you is property--not your own, to be sure, but another's.

You are altogether unwilling to allow others to freely dispose of their own property (the essential condition of ownership); but you well understand how to dispose of your own--and of theirs.
And, accordingly, you ask the political economists to arrange this mass of absurdities and monstrosities in a definite and well-ordered system; to establish, in accordance with your practice, the theory of spoliation.
But they will never do it; for, in their eyes, spoliation is a principle of hatred and disorder, and the most particularly odious form which it can assume is _the legal form_.
And here, Mr.Benoit d' Azy, I take you to task.

You are moderate, impartial, and generous.

You are willing to sacrifice your interests and your fortune.