set Parliament at defiance and ranged the forces of the Established Church against himself.

The method was doomed to failure.

"None have gone about to break Parliaments but in the end Parliaments have broken them."[64] In any case the notion of restoring political liberty to Catholics was a bold endeavour in 1685.

Against the will of Parliament the project was folly.

To overthrow the rights of corporations and of the Universities, and to attempt to bully the Church of England, after Elizabeth's fashion, at the very beginning of a pro-Catholic movement, was to provoke defeat.
Parliament decided that James II.