The king, however, had the refractory members arrested and decreed the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction in 1518.
In Italy and Germany the growth of a national state [Sidenote: Italy] was retarded by the fact that one was the seat of the pope, the other of the emperor, each of them claiming a universal authority.

Moreover, these two powers were continually at odds.

The long investiture strife, culminating in the triumph of Gregory VII at Canossa [Sidenote: 1077] and ending in the Concordat of Worms, [Sidenote: 1122] could not permanently settle the relations of the two.

Whereas Aquinas and the Canon Law maintained the superiority of the pope, there were not lacking asserters of the imperial preeminence.

William of Occam's argument to prove that the emperor might depose an heretical pope was taken up by Marsiglio of Padua, whose _Defender of the Peace_ [Sidenote: c.