A few remnants of them survived in the mountains of Savoy and Piedmont, harried from time to time by blood-thirsty pontiffs.

In obedience to a summons of Innocent VIII King Charles VIII of France massacred many of them.

[Sidenote: 1437] The spiritual ancestors of Luther, however, were not so much the French heretics as two Englishmen, Occam and Wyclif.

[Sidenote: Occam, d.

c.
1349] William of Occam, a Franciscan who taught at Oxford, was the most powerful scholastic critic of the existing church.