These were all placed under the general supervision of the local bishops.

The great university of Paris was gradually changing its character.

From the most cosmopolitan and international of bodies it was fast becoming strongly nationalist, and was the chief center of an Erastian Gallicanism.

Its {12} tremendous weight cast against the Reformation was doubtless a chief reason for the failure of that movement in France.
Spain instituted seven new universities at this time: Barcelona 1450, Saragossa 1474, Palma 1483, Sigueenza 1489, Alcala 1499, Valencia 1500, and Seville 1504.

Italy and England remained content with the academies they already had, but many of the smaller countries now started native universities.