[Logic by Carveth Read]@TWC D-Link bookLogic CHAPTER II 4/16
Instead of saying _Salt--is--soluble_, we may say _Solubility--coinheres with--the nature of salt_, or _The putting of salt in water--is a cause of--its dissolving_: thus expanding the copula into a full expression of the relation we have in view, whether coinherence or causation. Sec.3.The sentences of ordinary discourse are, indeed, for the most part, longer and more complicated than the logical form of propositions; it is in order to prove them, or to use them in the proof of other propositions, that they are in Logic reduced as nearly as possible to such simple but explicit expressions as the above (_tertii adjacentis_). A Compound Proposition, reducible to two or more simple ones, is said to be exponible. The modes of compounding sentences are explained in every grammar-book. One of the commonest forms is the copulative, such as _Salt is both savoury and wholesome_, equivalent to two simple propositions: _Salt is savoury; Salt is wholesome.
Pure water is neither sapid nor odorous_, equivalent to _Water is not sapid; Water is not odorous_.
Or, again, _Tobacco is injurious, but not when used in moderation_, equivalent to _Much tobacco is injurious; a little is not_. Another form of Exponible is the Exceptive, as _Kladderadatsch is published daily, except on week-days_, equivalent to _Kladderadatsch is published on Sunday; it is not published any other day_.
Still another Exponible is the Exclusive, as _Only men use fire_, equivalent to _Men are users of fire; No other animals are_.
Exceptive and exclusive sentences are, however, equivalent forms; for we may say, _Kladderadatsch is published only on Sunday_; and _No animals use fire, except men_. There are other compound sentences that are not exponible, since, though they contain two or more verbal clauses, the construction shows that these are inseparable.
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