The last traces of Welsh independence were trodden under foot.

The shadowy claims of supremacy over Scotland were changed into a direct overlordship.

Across the one sea Edward was lord of Guienne, across the other of Ireland, and in England itself a wise and generous policy had knit the whole nation round his throne.

Firmly as he still clung to prerogatives which the baronage were as firm not to own, the main struggle for the Charter was over.

Justice and good government were secured.