A new fervour of study sprang up in the West from its contact with the more cultured East.

Travellers like Adelard of Bath brought back the first rudiments of physical and mathematical science from the schools of Cordova or Bagdad.

In the twelfth century a classical revival restored Caesar and Virgil to the list of monastic studies, and left its stamp on the pedantic style, the profuse classical quotations of writers like William of Malmesbury or John of Salisbury.

The scholastic philosophy sprang up in the schools of Paris.

The Roman law was revived by the imperialist doctors of Bologna.