Pointing to the Italian cities, he said to his soldiers: "There is your reward.

It is rich and ample, but you must conquer it!" Like Caesar, he knew how, in words brief and concise, to address his followers, and to inspire enthusiasm as few have ever done before or since.

He also knew how to confound the enemy with new and unexpected methods which made unavailing all which military science and experience had taught them.
With the suddenness of a tornado he swept down upon the plains of Lombardy.

The battles of _Lodi_, _Arcola_, _Rivoli_, were won, and in ten months Napoleon was master of Italy.

By the treaty of Campo Formio, October 17, 1797, northern Italy was divided into four republics, with their capitals respectively at Milan, Genoa, Bologna, and Rome.