of Toulouse, once champion of the Albigenses--warrior, poet, troubadour, and heretic--scourge in hand and barefooted, at the porch of Notre Dame, doing penance for his sins against the Church.
With Louis IX.

on the throne a new day had dawned for France.

Louis was not a great soldier.

His reign was not one of territorial expansion but of wise administration, giving permanence and solidity to what already existed.

We are apt to think of Philip's heavenly minded grandson chiefly as a saint.