And we can also imagine that a crafty sovereign saw in this an opportunity to serve his own ends.

And so, Pope Innocent III.
ordered a Crusade, and John de Montfort not only opened up the Mediterranean ports for Philip, but brought Toulouse, the greatest of the remaining feudal states, into subjection to the King of France; at the same time forever silencing the voice of the heretic, of the minstrel, and of the harp; even the speech, with its delicate inflections and musical intonations, disappeared, to be heard nevermore.

Such, in brief, is the story of the "Albigensian War," so called on account of the heresy having been brought into Provence by the Albigenses from Switzerland.
After a century and a half Normandy was restored.

Its reabsorption into France marked the parting of the ways in two kingdoms.

_Kingship_ was reinforced in one, and _citizenship_ developed in the other.