The victory in Rome remained with the faction of _intransigeant_ Catholics; and this was represented, in Paul III.'s first creation of Cardinals, by Caraffa.

Caraffa was destined to play a singular part in the transition period of Papal history which I am reviewing.

He belonged as essentially to the future as Alessandro Farnese belonged to the past.

He embodied the spirit of the Inquisition, and upheld the principles of ecclesiastical reform upon the narrow basis of Papal absolutism.

He openly signalized his disapproval of Paul's nepotism; and when his time for ruling came, he displayed a remorseless spirit of justice without mercy in dealing with his own family.