There was sense in this arrangement; for Camerino formed an integral part of the Papal States, while Parma and Piacenza were held under a more than doubtful title.

Pier Luigi did not long survive his elevation to the dukedom of Parma.

He was murdered by his exasperated subjects in 1547.

His son, Ottavio, with some difficulty, maintained his hold upon this principality, until in 1559 he established himself and his heirs, with the approval of Philip II., in its perpetual enjoyment.
The Farnesi repaid Spanish patronage by constant service, Alessandro, Prince of Parma, and son of Ottavio, being illustrious in the annals of the Netherlands.

It would not have been worth while to enlarge on this foundation of the Duchy of Parma, had it not furnished an excellent example of my theme.