CHAPTER III.
THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX.
Different Spirit in the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus--Both needed by the Counter-Reformation--Heresy in the Early Church--First Origins of the Inquisition in 1203--S.

Dominic--The Holy Office becomes a Dominican Institution--Recognized by the Empire--Its early Organization--The Spanish Inquisition--Founded in 1484--How it differed from the earlier Apostolical Inquisition--Jews, Moors, New Christians--Organization and History of the Holy Office in Spain--Torquemada and his Successors--The Spanish Inquisition never introduced into Italy--How the Roman Inquisition organized by Caraffa differed from it--_Autos da fe_ in Rome--Proscription of suspected Lutherans--The Calabrian Waldenses--Protestants at Locarno and Venice--Digression on the Venetian Holy Office--Persecution of Free Thought in Literature--Growth of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum--Sanction given to it by the Council of Trent--The Roman Congregation of the Index--Final Form of the Censorship of Books under Clement VIII .-- Analysis of its Regulations--Proscription of Heretical Books--Correction of Texts--Purgation and Castration--Inquisitorial and Episcopal Licenses--Working of the System of this Censorship in Italy--Its long Delays--Hostility to Sound Learning--Ignorance of the Censors--Interference with Scholars in their Work--Terrorism of Booksellers--Vatican Scheme for the Restoration of Christian Erudition--Frustrated by the Tyranny of the Index--Dishonesty of the Vatican Scholars--Biblical Studies rendered nugatory by the Tridentine Decree on the Vulgate--Decline of Learning in Universities--Miserable Servitude of Professors--Greek dies out--Muretus and Manutius in Rome--The Index and its Treatment of Political Works--Machiavelli--_Ratio Status_--Encouragement of Literature on Papal Absolutism--Sarpi's Attitude--Comparative Indifference of Rome to Books of Obscene or Immoral Tendency--Bandello and Boccaccio--Papal attempts to Control Intercourse of Italians with Heretics.
In pursuing the plan of this book, which aims at showing how the spirit of the Catholic revival penetrated every sphere of intellectual activity in Italy, it will now be needful to consider the two agents, both of Spanish origin, on whose assistance the Church relied in her crusade against liberties of thought, speech, and action.

These were the Inquisition and the Company of Jesus.

The one worked by extirpation and forcible repression; the other by mental enfeeblement and moral corruption.

The one used fire, torture, imprisonment, confiscation of goods, the proscription of learning, the destruction or emasculation of books.