4-12, on these doctrines and the counter-theories to which they gave rise.

We must remember that the Papal power was now at the height of its ascension; and Sarpi can be excused for not having reckoned on the inevitable decline it suffered during the next century.] A passage from Sarpi's correspondence may be cited, as sounding the keynote to all his writings in this famous controversy.

'I imagine,' he writes to Jacques Gillot in 1609, 'that the State and the Church are two realms, composed, however, of the same human beings.

The one is wholly heavenly, the other earthly.

Each has its own sovereignty, defended by its own arms and fortifications.