A little more than three years ago he delivered in Madras a series of lectures on the "New Spirit," which have been republished in many editions and may be regarded as the most authoritative programme of "advanced" political thought in India.

What adds greatly to the significance of those speeches is that Mr.Pal borrowed their keynote from the Presidential address delivered in the preceding year by the veteran leader of the "moderates," Mr.Dadabhai Naoroji, at the annual Session of the Indian National Congress.

The rights of India, Mr.Naoroji had said, "can be comprised in one word--self-government or _Swaraj_, like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies." It was reserved for Mr.Pal to define precisely how such _Swaraj_ could be peacefully obtained and what it must ultimately lead to.

He began by brushing away the notion that any political concessions compatible with the present dependency of India upon Great Britain could help India to _Swaraj_.

I will quote his own words, which already foreshadowed the contemptuous reception given by "advanced" politicians to the reforms embodied in last year's Indian Councils Act:-- You may get a High Court judgeship here, membership of the Legislative Council there, possibly an Executive Membership of the Council.