A grand-division is sometimes arranged in two columns by brigade, as is represented in Figure 32.

These are less heavy than a single column of grand-division by battalion, but are subject to nearly the same objections.
All offensive operations on the field of battle require _mobility, solidity_, and _impulsion_; while, on the other hand, all defensive operations should combine _solidity_ with _the greatest possible amount of fire_.
Troops in motion can make but little use of their fire-arms, whatever may be their formation.

If in very large masses, they move slower and are more exposed; but the moral effect of these large moveable columns is such, that they frequently carry positions without ever employing their fire.

The French columns usually succeeded against the Austrian and Prussian infantry, but the English infantry could not so easily be driven from their ground; hey also employed their fire to greater advantage, as was shown at Talavera, Busaco, Fuente de Honore, Albuera and Waterloo.

The smaller columns and the mixed formation were always most successful against such troops.
From these remarks we must conclude--1st.