The climate of the uplands is severe in winter.

Much snow falls, and the thermometer often marks from ten to fifteen degrees of frost.

From time to time there are furious gales, and, as the spring advances, a good deal of wet falls; but the summer and autumn are almost rainless.

The heat towards midday is often considerable, but it is tempered by cool winds, and even at the worst is not relaxing.

The variations of temperature are great in the twenty-four hours, and the climate is, so far, trying; but, on the whole, it seems to be neither disagreeable nor unhealthy.
A climate resembling that of the Deshtistan prevailed along the entire southern coast of the Empire, from the mouth of the Tigris to that of the Indus.