1521) who wrote against Judaism, especially the Talmud.] [Footnote 2: The first edition appeared in 1869, the second in 1871.] The "Book of the Kahal" was printed at public expense and sent out to all Government offices to serve as a guide for Russian officials and enable them to fight the "Inner enemy." It was in vain that Brafman's ignorance of rabbinic lore and his entire distortion of the role played by the Kahal in days gone-by was exposed by Jewish writers in articles and monographs; it was in vain that the Jewish members of the commission appointed by the governor-general of Vilna protested against the barbarous proposals of the informer.

The authorities of St.Petersburg seized upon Brafman's discoveries as incontrovertible evidence of the existence of Jewish separatism and as a justification for the method of "cautiousness" which they saw fit to apply to the solution of the Jewish problem.
3.

THE FIGHT AGAINST JEWISH "SEPARATISM" Another incident which took place about the same time served in the eyes of the leading Government circles as an additional illustration of Jewish separatism.

In 1870 Alexander II.

was on a visit to the Kingdom of Poland, and there beheld the sight of dense masses of Hasidim with their long earlocks and flowing coats.