Though at a later period, as the result of general cultural tendencies, the traditional Jewish costume made way in certain sections of Jewry for the European form of dress, it was not in obedience to police measures, but in spite of them.

Compulsory assimilation was as little successful now as had been compulsory isolation in the Middle Ages.

The medieval rulers had imposed upon the Jews a distinct form of garment and a "yellow badge" to keep them apart from the Christians.

Nicholas I.employed forcible means to make the Jews by their style of dress appear similar to the Christians.

The violence resorted to in both cases, though different in form, sprang from the same motive.
3.