The chase was now taken up by every private individual who wished to find a substitute for a member of his family, or who simply wanted to turn a penny by selling his recruiting receipt.

Hordes of Jewish bandits sprang up who infested the roads and the inns, and by trickery or force made the travellers part with their passports and then dragged them to the recruiting stations as "captives" to be sent into the army.

Never before had the Jewish masses, yielding to pressure from above, sunk to such depths of degradation.

The Jew became a beast of prey to his fellow-Jew.
Jews were afraid of budging an inch from their native cities.

Every passer-by was suspected of being a captor or a bandit.