2.] The expulsion from Kiev was of a different order.

It marked the beginning of a new system, the narrowing down of the _urban_ area allotted to the Jews within the Pale of Settlement.

Since 1794 [1] the Jews had been allowed to settle in Kiev freely.

They had formed there, with official sanction, an important community and had vastly developed commerce and industry.

Suddenly, however, the Government discovered that "their presence is detrimental to the industry of this city and to the exchequer in general, and is, moreover, at variance with the rights and privileges conferred at different periods upon the city of Kiev." The discovery was followed by a grim rescript from St.Petersburg, forbidding not only the further settlement of Jews in Kiev but also prescribing that even those settled there long ago should leave the city within one year, those owning immovable property within two years.
Henceforward only the temporary sojourn of Jews, for a period not exceeding six months, was to be permitted and to be limited, moreover, to merchants of the first two guilds who arrive "in connection with contracts and fairs" or to attend to public bids and deliveries.
[Footnote 1: See Vol.