Even in clerical Austria, the imposition of military duty upon the Jews was preceded by the _Toleranz Patent_, this would-be Act of Emancipation.

[1] [Footnote 1: Military service was imposed upon the Jews of Austria by the law of 1787.

Several years previously, on January 2, 1782, Emperor Joseph II.

had issued his famous Toleration Act, removing a number of Jewish disabilities and opening the way to their assimilation with the environment.

Nevertheless, most of the former restrictions remained in force.] In Russia the very reverse took place.