A treaty of peace, between Massachusetts and the French colony, was then signed." "Did England allow Massachusetts to make war and peace with foreign countries ?" asked Laurence.
"Massachusetts, and the whole of New England, was then almost independent of the mother country," said Grandfather.

"There was now a civil war in England; and the king, as you may well suppose, had his hands full at home, and could pay but little attention to these remote colonies.

When the Parliament got the power into their hands, they likewise had enough to do in keeping down the Cavaliers.

Thus New England, like a young and hardy lad, whose father and mother neglect it, was left to take care of itself.
In 1649, King Charles was beheaded.

Oliver Cromwell then became Protector of England; and as he was a Puritan himself, and had risen by the valor of the English Puritans, he showed himself a loving and indulgent father to the Puritan colonies in America." Grandfather might have continued to talk in this dull manner, nobody knows how long; but, suspecting that Charley would find the subject rather dry, he looked sideways at that vivacious little fellow, and saw him give an involuntary yawn.