The general principle here stated of respect for personal substantive law in civil matters is still the guide of the Indian Legislature, but the accumulation of Privy Council and High Court rulings, combined with the action of codes, has effected considerable gradual change.

Direct legislation has anglicized the law of contract, and has modified, though not so largely, the law of marriage, inheritance, and succession.
11.

In the author's time the courts of the East India Company still followed the Muhammadan criminal law, as modified by the Regulations.
The Indian Penal Code of 1869 placed the substantive criminal law on a thoroughly scientific basis.

This code was framed with such masterly skill that to this day it has needed little material amendment.

The first Criminal Procedure Code, passed in 1861, has been twice recast.