The party does but tyrannize over the city it has conquered, and manipulates the ancient constitution for its own advantage.

In this clash of Guelf with Ghibelline the beneficiaries were the lower classes of the people.

Excluded from the Popolo of episcopal and consular revolutions, the trades and industries of the great cities now assert their claims to be enfranchised.

The advent of the _Arti_ is the chief social phenomenon of the crisis.[1] Thus the final issue of the conflict was a new Italy, deeply divided by factions that were little understood, because they were so vital, because they represented two adverse currents of national energy, incompatible, irreconcilable, eternal in antagonism as the poles.

But this discordant nation was more commercial and more democratic.