We have, moreover, to remember the Cathari, the Paterini, the Fraticelli, the Albigenses, the Hussites--heretics in whom the new light dimly shone, but who were instantly exterminated by the Church.

We have to commemorate the vast conception of the Emperor Frederick II., who strove to found a new society of humane culture in the South of Europe, and to anticipate the advent of the spirit of modern tolerance.

He, too, and all his race were exterminated by the Papal jealousy.

Truly we may say with Michelet that the Sibyl of the Renaissance kept offering her books in vain to feudal Europe.

In vain because the time was not yet.