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GEOGRAPHICAL AREA. The size of the earth--Relation of area to life--Area and differentiation--The struggle for space--National area an index of social and political development--The Oikoumene--The unity of the human species in relation to the earth--Isolation and differentiation--Monotonous race type of small area--Wide race distribution and inner diversities--Large area a guarantee of racial or national permanence--Weakness of small states--Protection of large area to primitive peoples--Contrast of large and small areas in bio-geography--Political domination of large areas--Area and literature--Small geographic base of primitive societies--Influence of small, confined areas--The process of territorial growth--Historical advance from small to large areas--Gradations in area and in development--Preliminaries to ethnic and political expansion--Significance of sphere of influence or activity--Nature of expansion in new and old countries--Relation of ethnic to political expansion--Relation of people and state to political boundary--Expansion of civilization--Cultural advantages of large political area--Politico-economic advantages--Political area and the national horizon--National estimates of area--Limitations of small tribal conceptions--Evolution of territorial policies--Colonial expansion--The mind of colonials..