But there is no escape from the alternative, and the Church of Rome has never abandoned her claim to universal authority.

Against it Henry VIII.

and Cromwell, Elizabeth and Cecil, set up the supremacy of the law, made and administered by laymen.

As Froude said at the close of his first course, in the Hilary Term of 1893, "the principles on which the laity insisted have become the rule of the modern Popes no longer depose Princes, dispense with oaths, or absolve subjects from their allegiance.

Appeals are not any more carried to Rome from the national tribunals, nor justice sold there to the highest bidder." Justice was sold at Rome before the existence of the Catholic Church, or even the Christian religion.