Even national education was regarded as likely to destroy initiative; or, as a pauper's dole which men of self-respect would regard with due abhorrence.

The State, in short, ceased to concern itself with justice save insofar as the administration of a judicial code spelled the protection of the new industrial system.

Nothing is more striking in the half-century after Adam Smith than the optimism of the economist and the business man in contrast to the hopeless despair of labor.

That men can organize to improve their lot was denied with emphasis, so that until Francis Place even the workers themselves were half-convinced.

The manufacturers were the State; and the whole intellectual strength of economics was massed to prove the rightness of the equation.