All were incapable of flight, and most of them entirely without wings.

They included a moth, several flies, and numerous beetles.

As these insects could hardly have reached the islands in a wingless state, even if there were any other known land inhabited by them--which there is not--we must assume that, like the Madeiran insects, they were originally winged, and lost their power of flight because its possession was injurious to them.
It is no doubt due to the same cause that some butterflies on small and exposed islands have their wings reduced in size, as is strikingly the case with the small tortoise-shell butterfly (Vanessa urticae) inhabiting the Isle of Man, which is only about half the size of the same species in England or Ireland; and Mr.Wollaston notes that Vanessa callirhoe--a closely allied South European form of our red-admiral butterfly--is permanently smaller in the small and bare island of Porto Santo than in the larger and more wooded adjacent island of Madeira.
A very good example of comparatively recent divergence of character, in accordance with new conditions of life, is afforded by our red grouse.
This bird, the Lagopus scoticus of naturalists, is entirely confined to the British Isles.

It is, however, very closely allied to the willow grouse (Lagopus albus), a bird which ranges all over Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, but which, unlike our species, changes to white in winter.

No difference in form or structure can be detected between the two birds, but as they differ so decidedly in colour--our species being usually rather darker in winter than in summer, while there are also slight differences in the call-note and in habits,--the two species are generally considered to be distinct.