and Pius VII.

were never enforced.

Cultivation, which had extended over 16,000 rubbia under the reign of Pius VI., is reduced to an annual average of 5,000 or 6,000 under the paternal inspection of Pius IX.

Not only is the planting of young trees abandoned, but the sheep are allowed to nibble down the tender shoots of the old ones.

Besides this, speculators are tolerated, who burn down whole forests, for the production of potash.
The estates of the Roman princes are somewhat better cultivated than those of the Church: but they are involved in the same movement, or, more strictly speaking, enchained in the same stagnation.